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Active Bodies
A History of Women's Physical Education in Twentieth-Century America
Martha H. Verbrugge
400 pages
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25 b/w illus
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235x156mm
978-0-19-516879-2
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Hardback
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21 June 2012
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- Definitive history of women physical education teachers.
- Examines how American physical educators interpreted and applied contemporary science, especially theories of sex differences and debates over nature/nurture.
- Archival research covers over a century, is multi-racial, and includes numerous sports.
During the twentieth century, opportunities for exercise, sports, and recreation grew significantly for most girls and women in the United States. Female physical educators were among the key experts who influenced this revolution. Drawing on extensive archival research, this book examines the ideas, experiences, and instructional programs of white and black female physical educators who taught in public schools and diverse colleges and universities, including coed and single-sex, public and private, and predominantly white or black institutions. Working primarily with female students, women physical educators had to consider what
an active female could and should do in comparison to an active male. Applying concepts of sex differences, they debated the implications of female anatomy, physiology, reproductive functions, and psychosocial traits for achieving gender parity in the gym. Teachers' interpretations were contingent on where they worked and whom they taught. They also responded to broad historical conditions, including developments in American feminism, law, and education, society's changing attitudes about gender, race, and sexuality, and scientific controversies over the nature and significance of sex differences. While deliberating fairness for female students, white and black women physical educators also pursued equity for themselves, as their workplaces and nascent profession often marginalized female
and minority personnel. Questions of difference and equality divided the field throughout the twentieth century; while some women teachers favored moderate views and incremental change, others promoted justice for their students and themselves by exerting authority at their schools, critiquing traditional concepts of "difference", and devising innovative curricula. Connecting the history of science, race and gender studies, American social history, and the history of sport, this book sheds new light on physical education's application of scientific ideas, the politics of gender, race, and sexuality in the domain of active bodies, and the enduring complexities of difference and equity in American culture.Readership:
History of education, history of women, history of sports, history of medicine
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Martha H. Verbrugge, Presidential Professor of History, Bucknell University Presidential Professor, Department of History, Bucknell University
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Acknowledgments
Introduction: Body, Science, and Difference in the Gym
1. "Who is that woman?": Female Physical Educators, 1890s-1940s
2. Active Womanhood and the Science of Sex Differences, 1890s-1940s
3. Gym Periods and Monthly Periods, 1900-1940
4. Gender, Race, and Equity: Howard University and the University of Nebraska
5. "The Joy of Hard Play": Competitive Activities for College Women, 1920s-1950s
6. Separate and Unequal: The Public Schools of Washington, D.C., 1890s-1950s
7. "It's just the gym": Female Physical Educators, 1950-2005
8. Physical Fairness: Science, Feminism, and Sex Differences, 1950-2005
9. Exercising Caution: Physical Activity and Reproductive Health, 1940-2005
Conclusion: Justice in the Gym
Notes
Select Bibliography
Index
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The specification in this catalogue, including without limitation price, format, extent, number of illustrations, and month of publication, was as accurate as possible at the time the catalogue was compiled. Occasionally, due to the nature of some contractual restrictions, we are unable to ship a specific product to a particular territory. Jacket images are provisional and liable to change before publication.
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