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How We Reason
Philip Johnson-Laird
584 pages
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18 figures; 12 black and white photos
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234x156mm
978-0-19-955133-0
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Paperback
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23 October 2008
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This item is printed to order and supplied on a firm sale basis. Items which are printed to order are normally despatched and charged within 5-10 days.
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- One of the pioneers in the psychology of reasoning provides a groundbreaking and fascinating account of the psychology of thinking and reasoning
- Written to be accessible to a broad academic audience, and now available as an affordable paperback
- Outlines a new approach to understanding reasoning, showing how it can succeed in predicting outcomes that are successful, and in predicting those that are not
- Looks at reasoning across a range of real life situations - from terrorism to irrational fears about illness
Good reasoning can lead to success; bad reasoning can lead to catastrophe. Yet, it's not obvious how we reason, and why we make mistakes - so much of our mental life goes on outside our awareness. In recent years huge strides have been made into developing a scientific understanding of reasoning. This book by one of the pioneers of the field, Philip Johnson-Laird, looks at the mental processes that underlie our reasoning. It provides the most accessible account yet of the science of reasoning.
We can all reason from our childhood onwards - but how? 'How We Reason' outlines a bold
approach to understanding reasoning. According to this approach, we don't rely on the laws of logic or probability - we reason by thinking about what's possible, we reason by seeing what is common to the possibilities. As the book shows, this approach can answer many of the questions about how we reason, and what causes mistakes in our reasoning that can lead to disasters such as Chernobyl. It shows why our irrational fears may become psychological illnesses, why terrorists develop 'crazy' ideologies, and how we can act in order to improve our reasoning. The book ends by looking at the role of reasoning in three extraordinary case histories: the Wright brothers' use of analogies in inventing their flyer, the cryptanalysts' deductions in breaking the German's Enigma code in World War II,
and Dr. John Snow's inductive reasoning in discovering how cholera spread from one person to another.
Accessible, stimulating, and controversial, 'How We Reason' presents a bold new approach to understanding one of the most intriguing facets of being human.Readership: Psychologists, neuroscientists and a broader academic audience.
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Philip Johnson-Laird, Stuart Professor of Psychology, Princeton University, USA
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"No cognitive scientist has thought more deeply about human reasoning than Philip Johnson-Laird. In an amazingly comprehensive volume, he presents the fruits of a lifetime of experimentation and reflection.
" - Howard Gardner, author of 'The Mind's New Science'
"'How We Reason' is the essential guide for anyone who wants to understand the human mind. Phil Johnson-Laird is both erudite and entertaining and his prose sparkles with wit and verve. This book paints a more complete picture of human thought than any other on inference. I couldn't put it down.
" - Ruth M.J. Byrne Vice Provost, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Ireland, and Professor of Cognitive Science, School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin
"Philip Johnson-Laird's Mental Model Theory owes its outstanding impact on the psychology of reasoning to its unique breadth, insightfulness, and creativity. In 'How we Reason', Johnson-Laird has achieved the feat of presenting this challenging view of human thinking in a simple and yet comprehensive way, with concrete examples and elegant explanations. This highly readable book deserves a wide audience.
" - Dan Sperber, Director of Research, CNRS, Paris
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1: Introduction
Part I - The World in our Conscious Minds
2: Icons and Images
3: Models of Possibilities: From Conjuring Tricks to Disasters
Part II - The World in our Unconscious Minds
4: Mental Architecture and the Unconscious
5: Intuitions and Unconscious Reasoning
6: Emotions as Inferences
7: Reasoning in Psychological Illnesses
Part III - How We Make Deductions
8: Only Connections
9: I'm my own Grandpa: Reasoning About Identities and Other Relations
10: Syllogisms and Reasoning about Properties
11: Isn't Everyone an Optimist? The Case of Complex Reasoning
Part IV - How We Make Inductions
12: Modulation: A Step Towards Induction
13: Knowledge and Inductions
14: Sherlock Holmes's Method: Abduction
15: The Balance of Probabilities
Part V - What Makes us Rational
16: Counterexamples
17: Truths, Lies, and the Higher Reasoning
Part VI - How We Develop our Ability to Reason
18: On Development
19: Strategies and Cultures
20: How We can Improve our Reasoning
Part VII - Knowledge, Beliefs, and Problems
21: The Puzzles of If
22: Causes and Obligations
23: Beliefs, Heresies, and Changes in Mind
24: How we Solve Problems
Part VIII - Expert Reasoning in Technology, Logic, and Science
25: Flying Bicycles: How the Wright Brothers Invented the Airplane
26: Unwrapping an Enigma
27: On the Mode of the Communication of Cholera
28: How we Reason
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