The New Unconscious

Over the past two decades, a new picture of the cognitive unconscious has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. According to this picture, unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. Moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. These processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self-regulation.

This collection of 20 original chapters by leading researchers examines the cognitive unconscious from social, cognitive, and neuroscientific viewpoints, presenting some of the most important developments at the heart of this new picture of the unconscious.

The volume, the first book in the new Social Cognition and Social Neuroscience series, will be an important resource on the cognitive unconscious for researchers in cognitive psychology and neuroscience.

Readership: Researchers and students in neuroscience, cognitive science, and cognitive and social psychology.

Edited by Ran R. Hassin, Professor of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, James S. Uleman, Professor of Psychology, New York University, USA, and John A. Bargh, Professor of Psychology, Yale University, USA

"In the past several decades a revolution has occurred in how psychologists view the unconscious. The Freudian view of an infantile, primitive, unconscious has proved to be far too limited; it turns out that a great deal of our mental lives, much of it highly sophisticated and adaptive, occurs behind the curtain of consciousness. Indeed, as illustrated in this fine book, the boundary separating nonconscious from conscious processing is constantly being expanded, to the point where some are questioning whether consciousness serves much of a function at all. The New Unconscious is a must read for anyone interested in these intriguing developments. Most of the key players have contributed to this volume, and their chapters are fascinating reports from the front lines of a true revolution. —Timothy D. Wilson, Sherrell J. Aston Professor of Psychology, University of Virginia, and author of Strangers to Ourselves"

"Our understanding of the mind is changing fast. The study of cognitive, introspectable processes, which dominated psychology when I was a student, explored the tip of an iceberg of mental activity. Research in social cognition now uses subtle but rigorous behavioral indices of involuntary, unconscious, automatic processes to infer a new view of the mind in which emotions and goals are as important as thinking and knowledge. But this is not the Freudian unconscious. The methods are those of scientific psychology. This book is a rich compendium of recent findings exploring the structure of implicit mental activity, and incidentally challenging conventional views of free will, the self, and the control of actions. —Anne Treisman, James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Psychology, Princeton University"

"The title of this book is surprising, but fully justified. This is the book you should read if you want to understand the remarkable progress recently achieved in the empirical study of unconscious mental processes—cognitive, emotional and motivational—and in understanding their correlates in the structure and function of the brain. —Daniel Kahneman, Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology, Princeton University and Professor of Public Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School"

"This book picks up where its predecessor, Unintended Thought, left off. The chapters, which are written by some of psychology's most distinguished researchers, provide different and exciting perspectives on the topic of unconscious information processing in social life. This is a first-rate collection of authors and ideas. —Daniel Gilbert, Professor of Psychology, Harvard University"

"Unintended Thought, the predecessor to this volume, did what few edited volumes do—it shaped an entire field of study. The present volume, The New Unconscious, reveals a more mature discipline—the questions remain just as exciting and challenging, but the evidence moves us perceptibly farther in our understanding of the invisible mind. This collection is the definitive compendium of what we know about the unconscious today. Each chapter made me want to stop doing what I do, and join the authors in their endeavor! —Mahzarin R. Banaji, Richard Clarke Cabot Professor of Social Ethics, Department of Psychology, Harvard University and Carol K. Pforzheimer Professor, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study"

Introduction: Becoming Aware of the New Unconscious
James S. Uleman
Part I Fundamental Questions
1: Daniel M. Wegner: Who is the Controller of Controlled Processes?
2: John A. Bargh: Bypassing the Will: Towards Demystifying the Nonconscious Control of Social Behavior
Part II Basic Mechanisms
3: Elizabeth A. Phelps: The Interaction of Emotion and Cognition: The Relation Between the Human Amygdala and Cognitive Awareness
4: Ap Dijksterhuis, Henk Aarts, and Pamela K. Smith: The Power of the Subliminal: On Subliminal Persuasion and Other Potential Applications
5: Arthur Markman and Dedre Gentner: Nonintentional Similarity Processing
6: Neal Rose, Lawrence J. Sanna, and Adam D. Galinsky: The Mechanics of Imagination: Automaticity and Control in Counterfactual Thinking
7: Jack Glaser and John F. Kihlstrom: Compensatory Automacity: Unconscious Volition Is Not an Oxymoron
8: Ran R. Hassin: Nonconscious Control and Implicit Working Memory
Part III Intention and Theory of Mind
9: Bertram F. Malle: Folk Theory of Mind: Conceptual Foundations of Human Social Cognition
10: Jodie A. Baird and Janet W. Astington: The Development of the Intention Concept: From the Observable World to the Unobservable Mind
11: Angeline S. Lillard and Lori Skibbe: Theory of Mind: Conscious Attribution and Spontaneous Trait Inference
Part IV Perceiving and Engaging Others
12: Y. Susan Choi, Heather M. Gray, and Nalini Ambady: The Glimpsed World: Unintended Communication and Unintended Perception
13: Tanya L. Chartrand, William W. Maddux, and Jessica L. Lakin: Beyond the Perception-Behavior Link: The Ubiquitous Utility and Motivational Moderators of Nonconscious Mimicry
14: James S. Uleman, Steven L. Blader, and Alexander Todorov: Implicit Impressions
15: B. Keith Payne, Larry L. Jacoby, and Alan J. Lambert: Attitudes as Accessibility Bias: Dissociating Automatic and Controlled Processes
16: Susan M. Anderson, Inga Reznik, and Noah S. Glassman: The Unconscious Relational Self
Part V Self-Regulation
17: Peter M. Gollwitzer, Ute C. Bayer, and Kathleen C. McCulloch: The Control of the Unwanted
18: E. Tory Higgins: Motivational Sources of Unintended Thought: Irrational Intrusions or Side Effects of Rational Strategies?
19: Yaacov Trope and Ayelet Fishbach: Going Beyond the Motivation Given: Self-Control and Situational Control Over Behavior