The early Eucharist has usually been seen as sacramental eating of token bread and wine in careful or even slavish imitation of Jesus and his earliest disciples. In fact the evidence suggests great diversity in its conduct, including the use of foods, in the first few hundred years. Eucharistic meals involving cheese, milk, salt, oil, and vegetables are attested, and some have argued that even fish was used. The most significant exception to using bread and wine, however, was a `bread-and-water' Christian meal, an ancient ascetic form of the Eucharist. This tradition also involved rejection of meat from general diet, and reflected the concern of dissident communities to avoid the cuisine - meat and wine - characteristic of pagan sacrifice. This study describes and discusses these practices fully for the first time, and provides important new insights into the liturgical and social history of early Christianity.

Readership: Scholars whose interests lie in patristics, liturgy, and the New Testament; as well as classicists, ancient historians, and social historians.

Andrew McGowan, Assistant Professor of Early Christian History, Episcopal Divinity School, Cambridge, Massachusetts

"It is difficult to write a review on an almost perfect book...the book raises excitement for the study of early Christianity...for its excellent schlarship, the book is recommended for students/scholars in early Christianity, in Christian symbolism and in Christian liturgy." - Prof Christina Landman Studia Historiar Ecclesiasticae